Negative Sentence
tidak, bukan, belum, jangan
1. Prinsip Dasar
Cara paling aman membuat kalimat negatif:
- Buat dulu kalimat positifnya (perhatikan tenses-nya, dan apakah kalimat itu active atau passive)
- Baru ubah menjadi negatif sesuai aturan di bawah
2. Auxiliary vs Ordinary Verb
| Jenis | Arti | Posisi | Jumlah | Selalu ada? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ordinary (verb utama) | Verb inti kalimat | Paling kanan | Hanya 1 | Selalu ada |
| Auxiliary (verb bantu) | Pendukung verb utama | Di sebelah kiri ordinary verb | Bisa lebih dari 1 | Tidak selalu da |
Auxiliary Verb= keluarga be, keluarga have, dan modal (will can, must, dll)
✨
Keluarga HAVE dianggap auxiliary hanya jika diikuti V3 (bentuk Perfect).- Human has gill → di sini "has" = ordinary verb (bukan auxiliary), karena tidak ada V3.
Jumlah kata kerja berdasarkan tenses:
- Simple Present/Past = 1 kata (tidak ada auxiliary bawaan)
- Continuous = 2 kata (be + V-ing)
- Perfect Continuous = 3 kata (have + been + V-ing)
3. Aturan umum membuat negatif
Jika kalimat positif ada auxiliary-nya:
-> Tambahkan NOT setelah auxiliary yang pertama
Jika kalimat positif tidak ada auxiliary-nya:
-> Tambahkan DO/DOES/DID + NOT, lalu verb kembali ke bentuk dasar (bare infinitive).
Contoh:
| Positif | Negatif |
|---|---|
| Human has gill (simple present, has = ordinary) | Human does not have gill |
| Bang Jorgi eats a slice of cake. | Bang Jorgi does not eat a slice of cake. |
| The students visited a museum yesterday. | The students did NOT visit a museum yesterday. |
| Bang Achyar will visit Bali next month. | Bang Achyar will NOT visit Bali next month. |
| Mba Nesya has been cooking since 4 o'clock. | Mba Nesya has NOT been cooking since 4 o'clock. |
| I have been being a tutor since 2018. | I have NOT been being a tutor since 2018. |
⚠️ Pengecualian: NOT ≠ NO
- Human has not gill → salah secara makna umum kalau dipaksakan, biasanya pakai does not have
- Tapi bentuk "have no + noun" itu valid dan berbeda konstruksi:
- I have no idea about him. (bukan "I don't have no idea")
4. Empat Kata Negasi dalam Bahasa Indonesia → Inggris
A. JANGAN (larangan/perintah negatif)
Don't / Never + Vbi (verb bentuk dasar)
- Jangan makan di kelas! → Don't eat in the class!
B. TIDAK (menegasikan verb/kata kerja)
- Jika ada auxiliary → auxiliary + NOT
- Jika tidak ada auxiliary → do/does/did + NOT + Vbi
Contoh:
- Manusia tidak memiliki insang → Human does not have gill
- I am not eating the protein.
C. BUKAN (menegasikan kata benda/identitas, "be" sebagai penghubung)
Be + NOT (am/is/are + not)
- Saya bukan presiden → I am not the president.
- I am NOT a cat.
- The books are not mine.
- They are not lawyers.
D. BELUM (menegasikan sesuatu yang belum terjadi, ada unsur waktu)
- Simple → NOT + YET (wajib pakai yet)
- Perfect → NOT (YET bersifat opsional)
| Tenses | Pola | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Simple | NOT + YET | Dia perempuan pergi ke kantor → She does not go to the office yet. |
| Perfect | NOT (yet opsional) | Dia laki-laki telah mengunjungi Bali bulan lalu → He had visited Bali last month → He had NOT visited Bali last month (yet). |
5. Ringkasan Cepat
| Kata Indonesia | Fungsi | Rumus Inggris |
|---|---|---|
| Jangan | Larangan | Don't / Never + Vbi |
| Tidak | Negasi verb | Aux + not / do-does-did + not + Vbi |
| Bukan | Negasi identitas/benda | Be + not |
| Belum | Negasi + unsur waktu | Not + yet (simple) / Not (yet opsional, perfect) |
